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Convertible husbandry
Within agriculture, convertible husbandry, also known as alternate husbandry, ley husbandry or up-and-down husbandry, was a process used during the 16th century through the 19th century by "which a higher proportion of land was used to support increasing numbers of livestock in many parts of England."〔Broad, John, "Alternate Husbandry and Permanent Pasture in the Midlands, 1650 – 1800", The Agricultural History Review, Vol. 28, No. 2, pg 77-78, British Agricultural Society; 1980.〕 In the words of historian Eric Kerridge, convertible husbandry consisted of "the floating of water-meadows, the substitution of up-and-down husbandry for permanent tillage and permanent grass or for shifting cultivation, the introduction of new fallow crops and selected grasses, marsh drainage, manuring, and stock breeding."〔Kerridge, Eric, "The Agricultural Revolution, Taylor and Francis US; 1967, pg 40.〕 Convertible husbandry is considered one of the most important changes of the agricultural revolution.
==Description==
Convertible husbandry was a process that consisted of "alternating arable and pasture on a given piece of land…(doing so )… farmers almost eliminated the need for fallows between their grain crops and were able to control the quality of their pasture by sowing grass seeds."〔 Alternate husbandry has also been praised as the "best way to keep high fertility on both arable and pasture and to retain excellent soil texture and composition."〔Slicher van Bath, B.H., "Agrarian History of Western Europe", 1963, pp 249-54.〕 This system utilized fertilizer in the form of animal manure. Fertilizer was used in greater quantities due to the increase in animal husbandry and resulted in benefiting crop yields when it was time for tillage.〔Kitsikopoulos, Harry, "Convertible Husbandry vs. Regular Common Fields: A Model on the Relative Efficiency of Medieveal Field Systems", The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 64, No. 2, June 2004, pp 462-3.〕 Convertible husbandry also came with the added benefit of allowing variations in the types of soils and the extent of leys used in rotation because it was a system in which multiple variables could be modified to suit the needs of the location/type of land/type of soil.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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